Ballistic pendulum

The Ballistic Pendulum

Purpose: To use the ballistic pendulum to determine the initial velocity of a projectile using conservation of

momentum and conservation of energy.

Equipment: Ballistic pendulum, carbon paper, meter stick, clamp, box, triple beam balance, plumb.

Introduction: In this experiment a steel ball will be shot into the bob of a pendulum and the height, h, to which the

pendulum bob moves, as shown in Figure 1, will determine the initial velocity, V, of the bob after it

receives the moving ball.

Figure 1

 

If we equate the kinetic energy of the bob and ball at the bottom to the potential energy of the bob and ball at the height, h,

that they are raised to, we get:

( K.E ) bottom = ( P.E)top

½ ( M + m ) V² = ( M + m ) g.h

where M is the mass of the pendulum and m is the mass of the ball. Solving for V we get:

V = √ 2gh ……………. ( 1 )

Difference.F bottom(initial h) and the one at the top(find h)

Using conservation of momentum we know the momentum before impact (collision) should be the same as the momentum after impact. Therefore:

Pi = Pf

or

mv0 = ( M + m) V …………… ( 2 )  initial horizontal velocity.           

where v0 is the initial velocity of the ball before impact. By using equations (1) and (2) we can therefore find the initial

velocity, v0, of the ball.

We can also determine the initial velocity of the ball by shooting the ball as above but this time allowing the ball to miss the pendulum bob and travel horizontally under the influence of gravity. In this case we simply have a projectile problem where we can measure the distance traveled horizontally and vertically (see Figure 2) and then determine the initial velocity, v0, of the ball.

Figure 2

Starting with equations:

Δx = voxt + ½axt² ……………… ( 3 )

Δy = voyt + ½ayt2 ……………… ( 4 ) momentum is not perfectly conserved because there is some frition on the system Δy = 1/2a y t²

You should be able to derive the initial velocity of the ball in the horizontal direction (assuming that

Δx and Δy are known). Include this derivation in your lab report.

Δy =102cm   voxt = Δx   t= Δx/vox  

T=squrt(2Δy/ay)       

Δy=1/2ay(Δx/vox)²

-1.0m=-4.9(2.913m/vox)²

-1.02m= -41.58/ vox²

Vox= squrt(-41.58/-1.02)

Vox= 6.38

Procedure:

Part I Determination of Initial Velocity from Conservation of Energy

1. Set the apparatus near one edge of the table as shown in figure 2. Make sure that the base is accurately

horizontal, as shown by a level. Clamp the frame to the table.

To make the gun ready for shooting, rest the pendulum on the rack, put the ball in position on the end of the rod and, holding the base with one hand, pull back on the ball with the other until the collar on the rod

engages the trigger. This compresses the spring a definite amount, and the ball is given the same initial

velocity every time the gun is shot.

2. Release the pendulum from the rack and allow it to hang freely. When the pendulum is at rest, pull the

trigger, thereby propelling the ball into the pendulum bob with a definite velocity. This causes the pendulum to swing from a vertical position to an inclined position with the pawl engaged in some particular tooth of the rack.

3. Shoot the ball into the cylinder about nine times, recording each point on the rack at which the pendulum comes to rest. This in general will not be exactly the same for all cases but may vary by several teeth of the rack. The mean of these observations gives the mean highest position of the pendulum. Raise the pendulum until its pawl is engaged in the tooth corresponding most closely to the mean value and measure h1, the elevation above the surface of the base of the index point for the center of gravity. Next release the pendulum and allow it to hang in its lower most position and measure h2. The difference between these two values gives h, the vertical distance through which the center of gravity of the system is raised after shooting the ball. Record h: 1^st   2^nd   3^rd    4^th    5^th    6^th   7^th   8^th   9^th  Average  

                                                                   17    15    13   11     14   11  11   14   14     13

4cm(starting height) 15.2-4=11.2cm

  0.112cm

4. Carefully remove the pendulum from its support. Weigh and record the masses of the pendulum and of the ball. Replace the pendulum and carefully adjust the thumb screw.

5. From these data calculate the initial velocity v using equations (1) and (2).

Vo= (M+m)V/m

V=squrt(2gh)

Vo=7.1m/s

Vf=1.047

Vf=1.48

Part II Determination of Initial Velocity from Measurements of Range and Fall

1. To obtain the data for this part of the experiment the pendulum is positioned up on the rack so that it will not interfere with the free flight of the ball. One observer should watch carefully to determine the point at which the ball strikes the floor. The measurements in this part of the experiment are made with reference to this point and the point of departure of the ball. Clamp the frame to the table, as it is important that the apparatus not be moved until the measurements have been completed. A piece of paper taped to the floor at the proper place and covered with carbon paper will help in the exact determination of the spot at which the ball strikes the floor.

Note: Use caution in shooting the gun.

2. Shoot the ball a number of times, noting each time the point at which it strikes the floor. Determine, relative to the edge of the paper, the average position of impact of the ball. Determine the distances Δx using this average position on the floor. From the the values of Δx and Δy calculate v0 by the use of equations (3) and (4). Make careful sketches in your lab report that clearly show all of the distances involved. 

1 301.8cm

2 294.4cm

3 291.3cm

4 285.7cm

5 283.2cm

Avgx=291.3cm

3. Find the percentage difference between the values of v0 determined by the two methods in parts I and II. Try to analyze, the probable errors of the two methods and estimate which one should give the more accurate result.

6.38-7.1/(6.38+7.1/2)x100= 10.8% difference

Note: Before leaving the apparatus, put the ball on its peg and be sure that the spring gun is released.

Conclusions:  I learned that the momentum and energy of the of the ball and pendulum's system are both conserved . We used the law of conservation of momentum and conservation of energy to find the initial velocity of the ball, and then compare to the value we got from measurement of range and fall. I thought that it was good to see the actuals vs experimental and see it was close.  
 

• Sources of error, (friction, etc.) table is not horizontal  and air resistance cant be avoided loses of energy in system.

• Which method did you think was more accurate? Explain.  Method 1 is much better because air resistance  is avoided more than in method 2 where the ball goes in the air and is affected more by air resistance.

The Ballistic Pendulum

Purpose: To use the ballistic pendulum to determine the initial velocity of a projectile using conservation of

momentum and conservation of energy.

Equipment: Ballistic pendulum, carbon paper, meter stick, clamp, box, triple beam balance, plumb.

Introduction: In this experiment a steel ball will be shot into the bob of a pendulum and the height, h, to which the

pendulum bob moves, as shown in Figure 1, will determine the initial velocity, V, of the bob after it

receives the moving ball.

Figure 1

If we equate the kinetic energy of the bob and ball at the bottom to the potential energy of the bob and ball at the height, h,

that they are raised to, we get:

( K.E ) bottom = ( P.E)top

½ ( M + m ) V² = ( M + m ) g.h

where M is the mass of the pendulum and m is the mass of the ball. Solving for V we get:

V = √ 2gh ……………. ( 1 )

Difference.F bottom(initial h) and the one at the top(find h)

Using conservation of momentum we know the momentum before impact (collision) should be the same as the momentum after impact. Therefore:

Pi = Pf

or

mv0 = ( M + m) V …………… ( 2 )  initial horizontal velocity.           

where v0 is the initial velocity of the ball before impact. By using equations (1) and (2) we can therefore find the initial

velocity, v0, of the ball.

We can also determine the initial velocity of the ball by shooting the ball as above but this time allowing the ball to miss the pendulum bob and travel horizontally under the influence of gravity. In this case we simply have a projectile problem where we can measure the distance traveled horizontally and vertically (see Figure 2) and then determine the initial velocity, v0, of the ball.

Figure 2

Starting with equations:

Δx = voxt + ½axt² ……………… ( 3 )

Δy = voyt + ½ayt2 ……………… ( 4 ) momentum is not perfectly conserved because there is some frition on the system Δy = 1/2a y t²

You should be able to derive the initial velocity of the ball in the horizontal direction (assuming that

Δx and Δy are known). Include this derivation in your lab report.

Δy =102cm   voxt = Δx   t= Δx/vox  

T=squrt(2Δy/ay)       

Δy=1/2ay(Δx/vox)²

-1.0m=-4.9(2.913m/vox)²

-1.02m= -41.58/ vox²

Vox= squrt(-41.58/-1.02)

Vox= 6.38

Procedure:

Part I Determination of Initial Velocity from Conservation of Energy

1. Set the apparatus near one edge of the table as shown in figure 2. Make sure that the base is accurately

horizontal, as shown by a level. Clamp the frame to the table.

To make the gun ready for shooting, rest the pendulum on the rack, put the ball in position on the end of the rod and, holding the base with one hand, pull back on the ball with the other until the collar on the rod

engages the trigger. This compresses the spring a definite amount, and the ball is given the same initial

velocity every time the gun is shot.

2. Release the pendulum from the rack and allow it to hang freely. When the pendulum is at rest, pull the

trigger, thereby propelling the ball into the pendulum bob with a definite velocity. This causes the pendulum to swing from a vertical position to an inclined position with the pawl engaged in some particular tooth of the rack.

3. Shoot the ball into the cylinder about nine times, recording each point on the rack at which the pendulum comes to rest. This in general will not be exactly the same for all cases but may vary by several teeth of the rack. The mean of these observations gives the mean highest position of the pendulum. Raise the pendulum until its pawl is engaged in the tooth corresponding most closely to the mean value and measure h1, the elevation above the surface of the base of the index point for the center of gravity. Next release the pendulum and allow it to hang in its lower most position and measure h2. The difference between these two values gives h, the vertical distance through which the center of gravity of the system is raised after shooting the ball. Record h: 1^st   2^nd   3^rd    4^th    5^th    6^th   7^th   8^th   9^th  Average  

                                                                   17    15    13   11     14   11  11   14   14     13

4cm(starting height) 15.2-4=11.2cm

  0.112cm

4. Carefully remove the pendulum from its support. Weigh and record the masses of the pendulum and of the ball. Replace the pendulum and carefully adjust the thumb screw.

5. From these data calculate the initial velocity v using equations (1) and (2).

Vo= (M+m)V/m

V=squrt(2gh)

Vo=7.1m/s

Vf=1.047

Vf=1.48

Part II Determination of Initial Velocity from Measurements of Range and Fall

1. To obtain the data for this part of the experiment the pendulum is positioned up on the rack so that it will not interfere with the free flight of the ball. One observer should watch carefully to determine the point at which the ball strikes the floor. The measurements in this part of the experiment are made with reference to this point and the point of departure of the ball. Clamp the frame to the table, as it is important that the apparatus not be moved until the measurements have been completed. A piece of paper taped to the floor at the proper place and covered with carbon paper will help in the exact determination of the spot at which the ball strikes the floor.

Note: Use caution in shooting the gun.

2. Shoot the ball a number of times, noting each time the point at which it strikes the floor. Determine, relative to the edge of the paper, the average position of impact of the ball. Determine the distances Δx using this average position on the floor. From the the values of Δx and Δy calculate v0 by the use of equations (3) and (4). Make careful sketches in your lab report that clearly show all of the distances involved. 

1 301.8cm

2 294.4cm

3 291.3cm

4 285.7cm

5 283.2cm

Avgx=291.3cm

3. Find the percentage difference between the values of v0 determined by the two methods in parts I and II. Try to analyze, the probable errors of the two methods and estimate which one should give the more accurate result.

6.38-7.1/(6.38+7.1/2)x100= 10.8% difference

Note: Before leaving the apparatus, put the ball on its peg and be sure that the spring gun is released.

Conclusions:  I learned that the momentum and energy of the of the ball and pendulum's system are both conserved . We used the law of conservation of momentum and conservation of energy to find the initial velocity of the ball, and then compare to the value we got from measurement of range and fall. I thought that it was good to see the actuals vs experimental and see it was close.  
 

• Sources of error, (friction, etc.) table is not horizontal  and air resistance cant be avoided loses of energy in system.

• Which method did you think was more accurate? Explain.  Method 1 is much better because air resistance  is avoided more than in method 2 where the ball goes in the air and is affected more by air resistance.

Human power

 Human Power

Purpose: To determine the power output of a person

Equipment: - two meter sticks                 - stopwatch

                    - Kilogram bathroom scale

Introduction: Power is defined to be the rate at which work is done or equivalently, the rate at which energy is converted from one form to another. In this experiment you will do some work by climbing from the first floor of the science building to the second floor. By measuring the vertical height climbed and knowing your mass, the change in your gravitational potential energy can be found:

Δ PE = mgh

Where m is the mass, g the acceleration of gravity, and h is the vertical height gained. Your power output can be determined by

Procedure:

1. We determine our mass by weighing ourselves bathroom scale in kilograms. Record your mass in kg.

2. Measure the vertical distance between the ground floor and the second floor for the science building.

3. We designate a record keeper and a timer for the class. At the command of the timing person, run or walk up the stairs from the ground floor to the second floor

4. We then repeat one more trial.

5. We calculate our personal power output in watts using the data collected from each of your climbing trip up the stairs. We obtain the average power output from the two trials.

6. We then calculated it in horse powers.

 

Questions: 1. Is it okay to use your hands and arms on the handrailing to assist you in your climb up the stairs? Explain why or why not.  It is okay because we are measuring the whole power of the body.  

2. Discuss some of the problems with the accuracy of this experiment : one factor might be the fact that maybe not everyone was walking/running the other and also human error in the stop watch and measurement of the floor.

Conclusion:

I learned how to calculate the power of a person. And also how to convert it into horse power.  Are percent error compared to class is shown above:

This is due to the fact that everyone was not walking/running the same as the other in the groups.